Writing a Research Paper Secrets

Writing a Research Paper Secrets Writing College research papers College courses demand many different types of writing that employ a number of strategies for various audiences. Research paper outline examples are extremely hard for most students since they are so lengthy. Academic papers cannot contain any signals of plagiarism. Research Papers have come to be an essential part of all graduate and postgraduate class. Be certain you give yourself enough time to discover what resources are readily available to you, to pick a topic, to select and read the appropriate material, to gather the info you're likely to cite in your paper, and to compose your very first and final drafts (and any vital drafts in between). Usually, the deadline offered to the students to finish the assignments isn't sufficient. Here's What I Know About Writing a Research Paper So, it has to be written bearing in mind the subsequent points. You will also have to convince yourself that the topic isn't a boring one, and discover strategies to relate it to the actual world. Additionally, additionally, it can help develop someone's critical thinking abilities. Thus, it's the smartest approach to have a start. While the written text may be highly effective thing, images enable readers to rapidly grasp the concepts presented in the paper, especially in the scientific fields where a huge sum of numbers may be necessary in pre senting data. Nobody says you need to compose your paper in an identical order that it is going to be read. Plato Knowledge of who you will be addressing permits you to use a suitable style. Indenting your paper properly is easy if you're aware of the rules of indentation for the specific style guide you're following. Creating an outline of your primary suggestions and secondary points can help you keep coherent. The very first draft ought to be written quickly and edited a couple of days later. Another benefit to using the APA style is the fact that it leaves you no room to wonder about the way the contents ought to be structured. Writing a Research Paper - Is it a Scam? By stating your research question in the debut, it is helpful to ensure it is clear to the reader what information you'd set to learn. If you're talking about a problem then you need to present personal opinion on that specific subject as concluding remarks. The most essential part is locating an easy topic you're ready to share passionately and defend if need be. The objective of an introductory paragraph is definitely to entice the readers and spot the most important topic and aim of the writ ing. Second, it ought not be form out of your private opinion. A superb thesis statement expresses your take or opinion in addition to your conclusion about the subject. To be fair, however, you will find that one of the very first things you have to do is become a specialist on the problem. You want to decide what your relationship is and then ask yourself a couple questions. Finally, the business ought to be in a position to provide business speech at the most suitable time to promote decent performance among the learners. First, it should be able to offer customized speeches. Our business can manage any sort of creative or other sort of writing you require, as we've gathered the very best pros in distinct fields to help each and every individual. A good research paper help company has an exceptional reputation for providing its customers with good high quality research paper example help at inexpensive prices. New Step by Step Roadmap for Writing a Research Paper There are as sorted types of writing professionals. If you have made the decision to turn into an expert writer, you own a task in your hand. You should have a passion for writing in the very first place to be a professional writer. There's almost always a very clear purpose for writing. The Writing a Research Paper Cover Up The very first step in writing a research paper is to learn what problem you mean to fix. After you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin trying to find an appropriate writer for your paper. It is possible to also get help on the best way to write research paper outline example at their site. To write decent research papers, one ought to stick to the actions mentioned. Nevertheless, the trick to a thriving research paper is organization. Your task is to construct molecules of protein utilizing information from previously cited structures. So far as the issue of information collection is concerned, a trendy topic stands on the surface of the ladder.

Review Of The Handmaid s Tale - 884 Words

Comparing a book to the movie that is a product of that book is always a difficult thing, but with The Handmaid’s Tale the novel and movie were quite similar. Set in the near future, in a totalitarian society post overthrowing of the United States government, The Handmaid s Tale explores the idea that people will endure oppression willingly as long as they receive some slight amount of power or freedom in return. This can be seen prominently in both the film and novel. However, although the overall idea was the same, the way that it was perceived through the movie is drastically different than through the text version. In the novel there is a eminent absence of real names, and Handmaids are instead referred to by nicknames that signify the Commanders they serve. They reveal little to nothing about the Handmaids, except for the absence of their personal identities. Equivalently, although the Aunts have individual, feminine alias, they aren t their birth names either. Significa ntly, it s noticed in the novel that we were never given the name of Offred, nor her child. This differs from the movie greatly where the characters interact with each other considerably more than depicted in the paperback -- most likely to make the film more entertaining to watch, but greatly taking away from a main component of Atwood s story. To make what I believe is less confusing for viewers, characters were appointed names in the flick. For example, the protagonist and narrator ofShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1249 Words   |  5 PagesDystopian Research Essay: The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood In the words of Erika Gottlieb With control of the past comes domination of the future. A dystopia reflects and discusses major tendencies in contemporary society. The Handmaid s Tale is a dystopian novel written by Margaret Atwood in 1985. The novel follows its protagonist Offred as she lives in a society focused on physical and spiritual oppression of the female identity. Within The Handmaid s Tale it is evident that through the explorationRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1357 Words   |  6 PagesOxford definition: â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes† (Oxford dictionary). In the novel The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood explores feminism through the themes of women’s bodies as political tools, the dynamics of rape culture and the society of complacency. Margaret Atwood was born in 1939, at the beginning of WWII, growing up in a time of fear. In the autumn of 1984, when she began writing The Handmaid’s Tale, she was living in West Berlin. The BerlinRead MoreWhen Margaret Atwood Published Her Novel, The Handmaid’S1338 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Margaret Atwood published her novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, in 1998, it was met with a wave of mixed reviews. Dystopic and Utopic novels have always been critiques of the time periods in which they are written. They extrapolate present truths and can provide valuable critiques of the ills that our society faces. Upon publishing of this novel, two main questions were raised. First, Is this an accurate and fair critique of the 1980’s social and political climate? Furthermore, Is Atwood’s story aRead MoreTotalitarianism’s Role in the Handmaid’s Tale1505 Words   |  7 Pagesworld. People accepted the new society without much resistance only to later realize that they had been duped. The founders of Gilead took conservative ideas and implemented them to the extreme. Women’s rights are taken away. Reading is forbidden. Handmaids are introduced to bear children. The government takes over and a dystopia is born. They control almost every aspect of the people’s lives, down to the food that they consume. Though the totalitarian government of Gilead tries to break spirit of theRead MoreThe Classics Are Those Books Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesthey are in the best condition to enjoy them. The classics are books which exercise a particular influence, both when they imprint themselves on our imagination as unforgettable, and when they hide in the layers of memory disguised as the individual s or the collective unconscious. A classic is a book which with each rereading offers as much of a sense of discovery as the first reading. A classic is a book which even when we read it for the first time gives the sense of rereading something we haveRead MoreThomas More s Utopia?1464 Words   |  6 Pages7,1478 he was the son of John More, A well known Lawyer. When Thomas was little he went to St.Anthony s School in London. Thomas was a page in the household of John Marton . From then on Thomas More s went on to Oxford University. Around 1494 Thomas Dad took him to London to study in what was known as common law. In February 1496 , More was admitted into Lincoln s inn. In 1505 Thomas More s became a full on lawyer and by this time he managed to keep up with his literary and spiritual interest

Gary Sotos Guilt Essay Example For Students

Gary Sotos Guilt Essay The Never-Ending Guilt of Stealing Many times in life, people do things that they regret doing later on, and it often comes back to haunt them. This can often cause fear and paranoia in ones life. In Gary Sotos autobiographical narrative, he steals a pie from a German market, and then feels guilty about the whole incident. Gary Soto recreates the experience of his guilty six year-old self with the use of religious imagery and language, the description of his paranoia that everyone knows, and the use of the fact that he attempts to escape his guilt, but is haunted and unable to escape it. Soto uses religious imagery to relive the time when he stole the pie. Gary Soto â€Å" enough about hell to stop from stealing†. It was always boredom that made him sin, not his actual mentality. He was â€Å"holy in almost every bone† except for his hands, because he has stolen things before. He also puts in his cleanest finger into the pie when he eats it. When Gary throws the Frisbee across the street, he uses the analogy that it was like â€Å"an angel fleeing bad deeds†. It symbolizes that he is trying to throw away his guilt. Garys use of religious imagery explains that he is a strong follower of Christianity, even though he commits sins. Religious imagery gives us the sense that he is more worried about going to hell than going to prison, and it intensifies his paranoia. Gary Soto also describes the paranoia that everyone knows that he stole the pie. â€Å"A car and the driver † Gary explains. He stole the pie, and Gary knows that the driver saw him, which only makes him feel guiltier. Another bystander, â€Å"Mrs. Hancock on her lawn, hands on hip, and she †. He thinks she knows that he stole the pie, because when she puts her hands on her hips, it makes him feel like he is being scolded. Even his mom â€Å"peeling a mountain of potatoes at the Red-Spud factory, knew† and the fact that it is his mom knowing his guilt only causes him to feel more regretful. The paranoia that Soto feels causes us to feel that he really is guilty of stealing the pie, and so he tries to escape this guiltiness anyway he can. The fact that Gary tries to escape his guilt but is haunted by it, helps explain his true feelings of remorse and paranoia about stealing the pie. Gary â€Å" Frisbee across the street† and then â€Å" it†¦ it again†. His repeated throwing and retrieval of his Frisbee symbolizes his bad deeds. The fact that he cannot get rid of his Frisbee represents that he cannot get rid of his guilt either. Soto attempts to take his mind off of his guilty feelings by â€Å" sister glue bottle caps onto cardboard†. He is trying to get his mind off of it by doing other things, and hoping that he will just forget that this whole incident occurred. â€Å" to crawl underneath house and lie in the cool shadows† to runaway from his problems. However, he still hears â€Å"the howling sounds of plumbing† and he wonders if it is God speaking to him. These examples of his attempts to escape from his deed exemplifies the tenacity of his feeling of guilt. With the use of religious imagery and language, remembrance of paranoia, and the attempt and failure to escape guilt, Gary Soto recreates his intense feelings of shame that he felt when he was six years old and stole the pie. Gary feels contrite about the whole incident, and this narrative retells the event from his guilty point of view. Havent you ever done something that youve regretted before, but could never take it back?

Richard Joseph Daley, The Grandson Of Irish Immigrants, Was Born In Th

Richard Joseph Daley, the grandson of Irish immigrants, was born in the Bridgeport area of Chicago on May 15, 1902. He was graduated from De La Salle Institute in 1918 and worked in the stockyards for several years before studying law. While studying, he worked as a clerk in the Cook County Controller's office. In 1936 Daley married Eleanor Guilfoyle, and the couple had three daughters and four sons. One son, Richard M. Daley, served in the Illinois Senate and as Cook County state's attorney before being elected mayor of Chicago in 1989. Daley held several elected posts before becoming mayor. He was state representative from 1936 to 1938, state senator from 1939 to 1946, county deputy controller from 1946 to 1949, and county clerk from 1950 to 1955. He also served as state revenue director, an appointed position, under Governor Adlai Stevenson. In these positions, Daley gained a keen understanding of government and a mastery of budgets and revenue sources. Cook County Democratic party chairman Richard J. Daley, 53, wins the Chicago mayoralty race and begins a 21-year career as mayor of the second largest U.S. city. Daley, the archetypal city "boss," served as mayor from 1955 to 1976. He was one of the last big city bosses. As a Democrat, Daley wielded a great deal of power in this largely Democratic city. He headed a powerful political machine that effectively dominated much of Chicago. He governed by the spoils system, and he delivered many local votes for Democratic presidential candidates. His support was often sought by state and national leaders. Daley gained national notoriety in 1968 when Chicago police brutally subdued demonstrators at the Democratic National Convention. Daley was an important figure in the national Democratic Party. As the mayor of Chicago until his death in 1976 and as chairman of Chicago's Cook County Democratic Central Committee from 1953 to 1976, Richard Joseph Daley was one of the most powerful politicians in the United States. He easily won reelection to office in five successive campaigns from 1959 to 1975, and during his mayoralty Chicago was the scene of an unprecedented building boom, improvement in city services, and urban renewal programs. Daley ran Chicago when federal government was pouring billions into highways, public transit, housing for poor. He used it to advantage, mounting massive urban renewal and transportation projects. Neighborhoods resisted, but Daley prevailed. He was a builder, developing O'Hare Airport, public housing projects, University of Illinois campus and McCormick Place. A machine politician in the old tradition, Daley will use patronage to control the Illinois state vote and obtain tax breaks and zoning-law favors for real estate interests and others that su pport him. Although Daley remained popular and influential during his several terms, his administration was marred by a number of political scandals, by civil-rights disturbances, and by a riot at the 1968 Democratic convention. Daley was among John F. Kennedy's key supporters in the 1960 presidential election, providing him with the delegates who helped him win a first-ballot nomination and a massive Chicago vote that delivered Illinois for Kennedy in his narrow victory over Richard M. Nixon. Daley hosted the 1968 Democratic National Convention at President Lyndon B. Johnson's request. Daley's national reputation was seriously tarnished as the result of violence between anti-Vietnam War demonstrators and Chicago police. Ironically, Daley had been a private critic of the Victnam War and had urged Johnson to withdraw U.S. forces. In 1972, Daley was dealt another blow when the Democratic National Convention refused to seat his Illinois delegation because of noncompliance with new selection rules. In 1976, Jimmy Carter said that Daley's endorsement clinched his first-ballot nomination for the presidency, but Daley failed to deliver Illinois for Carter in the election. Controlling 30,000 patronage jobs and savvy ward organization, he delivered elections for himself and Democratic allies. Blacks were a major component of the Daley coalition, providing him with his winning margin in his two closest mayoral elections. But his relationship with them deteriorated in the turbulent hours after Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination when Daley issued a shoot-to-kill order in the wake of riots and looting on the city's West Side. He later resented the challenge to his authority as party chairman by black Democratic

The Life of John Marshall essays

The Life of John Marshall essays Born in 1755 and dying in 1835, John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, is a greatly respected and revered historical figure and person, even after death. Besides his impressive collection of official accomplishments and positions held, Marshalls presence throughout the Revolutionary War and after had much influence on the circumstances happening around him. John Marshall was born on September 24th to Mary Randolph Keith and Thomas Marshall in Germantown, Virginia. Being the first of 15 children, John grew up in a large family. Although his parents were not formally educated, they were considered adequately educated for the times and held a significant social, religious, and political status in Fauquier County where they lived. Books were hard to obtain, but John managed to get his hands on some and became enthralled with the writings of Shakespeare, Dryden, and Pope by the time he was twelve. In 1767 John received his first bit of formal education when a young Scottish minister came to live with his family for a year. It had long been Thomas Marshalls dream for his son to be a lawyer and he tried to give John every advantage he could. In 1780 John took a six-week course at William and Mary College, where he attended law lectures and philosophy classes. John Marshall had an impressive military career. During the Revolutionary War, John distinguished himself serving as a member of the 3rd Virginia Regiment. He joined the Culpeper Minute Men and was chosen as Lieutenant and fought in many well-known battles, such as Bunker Hill, with his father. It was during Benedict Arnolds invasion in 1780, when Marshall first started his disliking for Thomas Jefferson. Marshall had heard the stories about Jefferson fleeing shamelessly without first warning other of attack and disapproved of them greatly. In 1788 he became the captain of the Continental Army. By the end of the war, he was ...

Facts and Figureso on Majungasaurus

Facts and Figureso on Majungasaurus Name: Majungasaurus (Greek for Majunga lizard); pronounced ma-JUNG-ah-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of northern Africa Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and one ton Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Short, blunt snout; spike on forehead; unusually small arms; bipedal posture About Majungasaurus The dinosaur formerly known as Majungatholus (Majunga dome) until its current name took precedence for paleontological reasons, Majungasaurus was a one-ton meat-eater native to the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar. Technically classified as an abelisaurand thus closely related to the South American AbelisaurusMajungasaurus was distinguished from other dinosaurs of its kind by its unusually blunt snout and the single, tiny horn on top of its skull, a rare feature for a theropod. Like another famous abelisaur, Carnotaurus, Majungasaurus also possessed unusually short arms, which presumably wasnt a major hindrance in the pursuit of prey (and may, in fact, have made it slightly more aerodynamic when running!) Although it certainly wasnt the habitual cannibal portrayed on breathless TV documentaries (most famously the late and unlamented Jurassic Fight Club), there’s good evidence that at least some Majungasaurus adults occasionally preyed on others of their kind: paleontologists have discovered Majungasaurus bones bearing Majungasaurus tooth marks. Whats unknown is whether the adults of this genus actively hunted down their living relative when they were hungry, or simply feasted on the carcasses of already-dead family members (and if the latter is the case, this behavior wouldnt have been unique to Majungasaurus, dinosaur-wise, or for that matter to any living creatures except modern human beings). Like many other large theropods of the late Cretaceous period, Majungasaurus has proven difficult to classify. When it was first discovered, researchers mistook it for a pachycephalosaur, or bone-headed dinosaur, thanks to that odd protrusion on its skull (the tholus, meaning dome, in its original name Majungatholus is a root usually found in pachycephalosaur names, like Acrotholus and Sphaerotholus). Today, the closest contemporary relatives of Majungasaurus are a subject of dispute; some paleontologists point to obscure meat-eaters like Ilokelesia and Ekrixinatosaurus, while others throw up their (presumably not so tiny) arms in frustration.

LGBT Rights - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Social Movement Essay

LGBT Rights - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Social Movement - Essay Example formation two years ago, it has faced many challenges in the advocacy of the rights of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and transgender in various Universities in the country. The idea of forming the movement was not to increase the number of LGBT, but to advocate for their acceptance and behavior change. Sigmond Freud, a renowned psychologist has argued that LGBT relates to sexuality and psychological acquisitions in the process of a person’s development. According to the medical psychologist’, lesbianism and homosexuality depends on feminism and masculinity aspects that depicts gender. As a result, women with masculine characteristics will tend to prefer male roles in relationships. They as a result search for females over whom they can play the masculine gendered behavior. Similarly, homosexuality is a manifestation of feminism in males where a male with feminist features attracts other masculine males leading to gays (West, p. 202) Bisexual is a sexual orientation that that may not be easy to tell since these people are also heterosexuals, they may be married to the opposite sex but still practice these kind of behavior hence the confusion (West, p. 203) Transgender is on the other hand a practice that we is common in daily lives. It is believed to have originated from China during the wars of 15th century where strong women could dress as men while weak men like women (West 203, 204) LGBT community has not been able to enjoy as much rights in the Universities like other students. Members have for instance been segregated against and many of them expelled from various Universities when the behavior is observed. Similarly, these students has never been accepted by their peers in college environments. They are always looked down upon in terms of students’ representations in the students unions. The level of discrimination against LGBT students has sometimes unfair treatments in which the community have at times been denied access to accommodation on grounds of

Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering Personal Statement for

Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering for Admission - Personal Statement Example My short-term plan is to get admission in the Master’s in Mechanical Engineering program to gain new knowledge and refine my existing knowledge of all subjects related to this field of study some of which include engineering mechanics, circuits and motors, engineering thermodynamics, manufacturing engineering, and machine design. My long-term goal is to work as a mechanical engineer in some well-renowned organization. I have collected information about different universities and programs that can serve my interests and have concluded that a higher education in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Illinois at Chicago would be the most suitable option for me to fulfill my educational and professional goals. My interest in teaching developed since I was a child and was studying in a grammar school. Ever since I can remember, my dad used to take my brothers and me near the train tracks, the airport, or parking lots with classic muscle cars. I used to feel very excited about all that stuff. The sheer power, creativity, and accuracy that went into making these machines were all simply incredible. Years later, my parents took our family to Florida. A location that was my dad’s favorite place to visit, Cape Canaveral, very quickly became mine as well. Posters, pennants, LEGOs, models (die-cast and hand-made), and drawings all of which pertained to some sort of automotive machine, airplane, water vessel, or spacecraft became my center of attention. One could say that I am simply and more than anything in love with engines and their mechanical composition. This is the reason for me to step into the field of engineering at graduation level. Now when I have almost finished my graduation, a higher degree in a particular engineering dimension would play a vital role in increasing my knowledge, as well as in making me a knowledgeable ad successful mechanical engineer. I am interested in getting my master’s degree from the University

Role of the Registered Nurse in Pediatric Palliative Care Essay Example for Free

Role of the Registered Nurse in Pediatric Palliative Care Essay Nursing is a career that requires collaborative relationships among professionals that assist nurses to provide the best possible care for the client and family. These interprofessional relationships may involve a wide range of health care professionals of multiple members that work collaboratively together to deliver quality care. Nurses are required to work with other professionals on a daily basis on the floor whether it is with a doctor, a lab tech, a respiratory therapist, physiotherapists or even a fellow nurse. Registered Practical Nurses (RPN) and Registered Nurses (RN) work together on a daily basis and work in partnership with one another to provide the level of care that is required in order for a patient to meet their outcomes. Pediatric palliative care is a specialized setting that requires constant teamwork or consultations and majority of the centers only allow RN`s to work on that floor, however; some centers allow for RPN`s to care for these children. Crozier and Hancock (2012) state that â€Å"it has been estimated that 13.9% of all children are living with a chronic health condition †¦ and palliative care can be provided to these children as well† (p.2). This paper will discusses the role of the RN in pediatric palliative care in relation to family support through the three factor frame work which involves the client, the nurse and the environment. The Three Factor Framework The three factor frame work is used in many different settings to determine whether a RN or a RPN will be caring for a certain client. This framework consists of the client, the nurse and the environment (College of Nurses of Ontario [CNO], 2011). These three factors are implemented and have an impact on decision making related to care provider assignment for the RPN and RN. It takes into consideration the client’s needs, the needs for consultation as well as collaboration among care providers (CNO, 2011). The three factor framework document is available to â€Å"help nurses, employers and others make effective decisions about the utilization of individual nurses in the provision of safe and ethical care† (CNO, 2011, p.3). It also helps with outlining expectations for nurses that highlight similarities and differences of nursing knowledge and its impact on both personal and professional responsibility (CNO, 2011). This framework comes extremely important in specialized settings, such as the critical care unit, the emergency department, the operating room and especially pediatric care. The Client The client aspect of the framework focuses on the complexity of the client, the predictability and the risk for negative outcomes with the client (CNO, 2011). The client factors are combined to create a representation of a client that can be placed on a continuum that: †¦goes from less complex, more predictable and low risk for negative outcomes, to highly complex, unpredictable and high risk for negative outcomes †¦. the more complex the care requirements, the greater the need for consultation and/or the need for an RN to provide the full spectrum of care (CNO, 2011, pg. 2). In pediatric care there comes many different types of clients that a nurse may encounter and a topic that is not touched upon too often is pediatric palliative care. This type of patient would be considered to be on the more complex side of the spectrum which would require a RN to care for this child. Ferrell, Malloy, Uman, Virani, and Wilson (2006) tell us that â€Å"no one spends more time at the bedside observing, critically thinking, consulting, and providing direct care then the pediatric nurse† (p.1). This statement reinforces that a RN is more suitable for this task since the child’s health condition is unstable and constantly fluctuating, their coping mechanisms and supports are unknown, and the fact that they require frequent monitoring and reassessments (CNO, 2011). Pediatric care is a very complex area to work and requires a RN to care for these clients due to their needs not being well defined or established and their condition can change rapidly. Children can be unpredictable in their natural world and when it comes to their health they can be even more unpredictable. Crozier and Hancock (2012) tell us that â€Å"it is important to acknowledge that death occurs in pediatrics †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.1) and those nurses caring for these children need to be aware that this could be the final outcome. The CNO (2011) document on the three factor frame work emphasizes the fact that a RN is needed when the client may have unpredictable outcomes as well as unpredictable changes in their health condition. With this being said this puts the risk for negative outcomes with this child at a high risk. Risk for negative outcomes comes with all types of nursing but it is a higher risk when talking about palliative care especially in children. Nurses are more likely to be aware of symptoms of a dying elderly client or an adult client rather than a child since this topic is not discussed that often. The CNO (2011) tells us that a RN is involved in care when the client is unpredictable, systemic or wide ranging responses, they have subtle signs and symptoms that are often difficult to detect and they are at a high risk for a negative outcome. Research studies have been done that create guidelines for nurses to follow in order to provide and meet the needs of the patient and their families when the child cannot benefit from intensive, life extending support especially when the family is dealing with a dying child (Anita Rushton, 2002). In order for pediatric palliative care to be successful this framework is used in order to give the child the best care possible. The Nurse When we discuss pediatric palliative care we are not just talking about the patient themselves, we are talking about the entire collaborative team including RPN’s, RN’s and most importantly the family of the patient. Not only do these nurses have the child to care for they also need to be there for the family and help them through their struggles they may be having. The nurse factors of the framework include leadership, decision-making, and critical thinking skills (CNO, 2011). Leadership is a quality that all nurses require in order to succeed in their career but being a pediatric nurse requires this skill on multiple levels. Anita and Rushton (2002) tell us that there is a need for increased leadership capacity in end of life care for children and their families. Nurses need to have the leadership skills to be an advocate for their client who may not be able to speak up for themselves depending on how ill they are. Ferrell, Malloy, Uman, Virani, and Wilson (2006) state that â€Å"pediatric nurses have a distinctive role in advocating, promoting, and providing excellent care to these children and their families† (p.4), they also emphasize the fact that education is key to the skills and confidence they need to perform this task. RN’s need to assume the role of a leader within the interprofessional team and they need to lead the team in order to develop plans of care to achieve client and family goals when overall care requirements are more complex (CNO, 2011). With the role of leadership also comes decision making in collaboration with the family and other health care members. The treatments at the end of life are something that is not easy for anyone to make let alone when it has to do with a child. Nurses have a key role in decision making when it comes to what treatment is provided, and they are there to guide the family in this process. Anita and Rushton (2002) tell us that â€Å"the goal of palliative care is achievement of the best quality of life for patients and their family regardless of the outcome† (p.2). In order for the nurse to make decisions that will benefit the client and the family nurses need to communicate therapeutically and make the focus on the client and their family (Palliative Pain and Symptom management, 2007). The RN then needs to take the information gathered from communicating with the family and make decisions actively as well as anticipating any possibilities and making proactive decisions (CNO, 2011). Communication is a key tool when it comes to care between patients and family, different health care professionals and those that are caring for the child directly (Crozier Hancock, 2012). With communication and decision making comes critical thinking which is a crucial aspect when caring for a dying child. Not only does the nurse need to critically think about the child’s health and final outcomes but they also need to think about how to help the family through this process. Everyone critically thinks on a daily basis especially in the health care profession, but RPN’s and RN’s working with children need to think critically at all times. As a RN they are required to anticipate and recognize subtle changes in the child’s health, assess further, identify relevant factors, understand the significance and manage the situation and family members appropriately (CNO, 2011). As a RN working in pediatric palliative they need to be knowledgeable, be able to make decisions in consultation with the family and other health care professionals and most importantly be able to critically think while managing multiple nursing interventions in rapidly changing situations (CNO, 2011). The Environment Pediatric palliative care is an area of nursing that can occur in multiple settings including the home of the child, a hospital setting, hospice centers and even nursing homes. In Bartell and Kissane’s article from (2005) they show that â€Å"72% of pediatrics die in the hospital (56% in patient and 16% as outpatients mostly in emergency rooms), 11% die at home, and just 0.4% in nursing homes† (p.2). The environment factors of the three factor framework include practice supports, consultation resources and the stability and predictability of the environment. The need for RN staffing is required when these factors are less stable. Pediatric palliative care is an area that is considered to be less stable and the practice supports vary. A RN is required if there are unclear or unidentified procedures, policies, medical directives, protocols, plans of care, care pathways and assessment tools (CNO, 2011). The CNO also tells us that a RN is needed if there is a low proportion of nurses familiar with the environment and if there is a low proportion of expert nurses or a high number of novice nurses. In Cox’s article in (2004) she talks about how the expert nurse may also support the developing nurse by sharing personal experiences and strategies. Having a RN work in pediatrics can allow the practice supports to become more of a stable environment by increasing the knowledge of all nurses and family members from hands on experience. Consultation or collaboration with health care professionals is a skill that is used every day but is very important when it comes to children’s health. Nurses need to be aware of the resources that are available to them and use them to their advantage to help provide better care to the children and their families. Ahmann and Dokken (2006) tell us that nurses need to view parent’s as partners in care rather than a visitor. Not only is it important that nurses collaborate with health care professionals but they also need to be communicating and consulting with the family. Involving the family in the child’s care makes them f eel more a part of the care rather than a by stander (Boyle Roberts, 2005). According to the CNO (2011) document a RN is needed when there are little consultation resources available to manage outcomes. With consultation comes how predictable and how stable the environment is that the child is being cared for. Death is a topic that many do not like to talk about but it is a reality of life that can cause for a high turnover rate in the health care system. Pediatric palliative care can have high turnover rates along with unpredictable events no matter how many assessments the RN performs (CNO, 2011). RN`s need to be aware of the type of environment that they are working in order to provide the appropriate care to the child. Even if the environment is at a high turnover rate the nurse still needs to be able to apply their knowledge, critically think, make decisions and care for the patient and their family. The three factor framework set out by the CNO is important when it comes to determining the role of the RN in pediatric palliative care along with the supp ort that is given to the family. Even though the three factor framework is needed when assigning patient assignments we need to keep in mind that with young children, a family centered model of care is a key concept (Bartell Kissane, 2005). The more complex the client situation and the more dynamic the environment, the greater the need for the RN to provide the full range of care, continually assess changes, establish priorities and determine the need for additional resources or consults (CNO, 2011). By considering the client, the nurse and the environment factors, it can be determined whether a RPN or RN is more suited to care for a certain client. RN’s require advanced critical thinking skills along with a large depth of knowledge in order to provide appropriate care to the children as well as their families. According to the three factor framework and research that has been done a RN is more suitable than a RPN to work in pediatric palliative care. References Ahmann, E., Dokken, D. (2006). The many roles of family members in family-centered care part 1. Pediatric Nursing, 32(6), 562-565. Anita, C., Rushton, C. H. (2002). Pediatric palliative care: The time is now!. Pediatric Nursing, 28(1), 1-9. Retrieved from http://moxy.eclibrary.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/199391320?accountid=12792. Bartell, A. S., Kissane, D. W. (2005). Issues in pediatric palliative care: Understanding families . Journal of Palliative Care, 21(3), 1-16. Retrieved from http://moxy.eclibrary.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/214198065?accountid=12792. Boyle, L. A., Roberts , K. E. (2005). End of life education in the pediatric intensive care unit .Critical care nurses , 25(1), 1-6. Retrieved from

The Evolution of Tragedy in Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire Under the E

The Evolution of Tragedy in Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire Under the Elms There are many genres of literature. Because of the age of this genre, it stands to reason that many variations have occurred throughout the years to make it reflect that time period. The genre of tragedy tends to be considered great because it occurs during great periods of history, it is about great men, and it is written by great writers.> The evolution of tragedy and the characteristics of tragedy are exemplified in the comparison of Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire Under the Elms. In the comparison of Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and Desire Under the Elms the characteristics of tragedy are revealed. One characteristic is that tragedy appears during great times in history. It is thought that tragedy only occurs during great times in history because the people during those times have a sense of confidence that they can handle the horror of tragedy. Oedipus Rex was written during ancient Greece, which is considered the birthplace of the western culture. Ancient Greece is a time of great enlightenment in all of the arts, so it is not surprising that this is one of the beginnings of the tragedy. During this time Greece is rising in power so the people could enjoy watching others face hard times. Hamlet was written during another great period of history, the Renaissance. During this time people are moving out of the Middle Ages into a time of enlightenment, where a rebirth of interest in the arts occurs. This time also is marked by a confidence in one having a p rosperous future and the country as a whole looking toward a good life. Finally, Desire Under the Elms appeared during what is called the Modern period. The Modern period is anot... ...e determined. All three of these plays are great tragedies even if not all of them follow the characteristics of tragedy. It further proves that each period must make their own personal mark on the ideas of the arts in order to establish themselves as a distinct and great time period. [very good pick-up of earlier point] Without the evolution of these ideas, cultures would be stifled in the creative process and not stand out as an individual expressing the feelings of their time period. Works Consulted: O'Neill, Eugene. Desire Under the Elms. In Nine Plays by Eugene O'Neill. New York: Modern Library, 1941. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet. ca. 1600-1601. Ed. Edward Hubler. A Signet Classic. New York: Penguin Publishers,1963. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. The Oedipus Cycle. Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald, trans. San Diego: Harvest, 1976

Merchant of Venice Outline Essay

In the play The Merchant of Venice Shylock, a rich Jewish moneylender in Venice agrees to loan Bassanio three thousand ducats on Antonio’s guarantee. Shylock is made to be the villain in the Merchant of Venice because of some of the things he does. But even though he may not have been the only one in the wrong, he is still guilty of the deadly sins of, avarice, envy, and wrath. Shylock is guilty of avarice for these reasons; for one Shylock loans money to Antonio at the cost of a pound of flesh if Antonio does not pay him back. Shylock knows that Antonio will not be able to pay him back, so that is why he chose a pound of flesh as punishment. Secondly Shylock does not work for wealth, instead he loans out money with very high rates of interest and makes money that way. Lastly the fact that Shylock is based upon greed. For example when his daughter Jessica runs away taking his money and jewels he was only angered at losing his money but not his daughter. Shylock is guilty of envy for these reasons; for one Antonio lends out money with little to no interest while shylock lends out money with very high interest so it makes Shylock’s business go down. Secondly, when in court Portia led Shylock to believe that he was going to be able to take a pound of flesh from Antonio, so Shylock was happy that he was going to be able to hurt Antonio and get his revenge. Shylock is guilty of wrath for these reasons; one as a Jew, Shylock has great disdain for Christians and that is why he agreed to the loan of money to Antonio, so that he could get a Christian to pay for the mistreatment he claims he has been given. Secondly, when Shylock was in court and the proceedings did not go his way he began to get angry. Lastly when Shylock became enraged because his possessions were stolen by his daughter, instead of trying to see the real reason why his daughter did what she did. So in the end there are many ways to prove Shylock a bad person. Whether it be that he is full of greed or just out to get revenge, Shylock is still guilty. But even though he may not be the only one in the wrong, he is still guilty of the deadly sins of, avarice, envy, and wrath.

Sustainable Packaging Will Require More Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay

The European Commission negotiations about how sustainable packaging will necessitate more analysis and certification to look at the existent bundle design, the stuffs that are used and the whole image of the packaging ‘s life rhythm. ( Environmental Marketing Claims, 2011 ) Bolyston ( 2009 ) has a different position and he belives that sustainable packaging dependent on the sum of sustainable energy used in each phase of the packaging ‘s life rhythm. The term ‘life rhythm ‘ means the merchandise goes through a series of phases that mold and develop the merchandise. The life rhythm would see all of the factors from the natural stuffs to how its manufactured, taking onto how its distributed which eventually guides it to the usage and disposal of it. Throughout all of these phases there would be assorted conveyance methods used to travel the merchandise onto its following phase. To sum up all of these stairss and phases is called the life rhythm of the merchandi se. It is indispensable to look at the life rhythm of packaging in order to determine countries and chances in which the packaging ‘s sustainability can be improved. Figure 8 is a diagram of the packaging ‘s life rhythm from The Sustainable Packaging Coalition ; this diagram aims to supply guidelines and rules for the development of sustainable packaging. The Sustainable Packaging Coalition claim that they have set themselves the mission to recommend and pass on a positive robust environmental option for sustainable packaging through functional packaging stuffs and systems that endorse economic and environmental supply ironss. The Sustainable Packaging Coalition characterizes sustainable packaging as follows: Is sourced, manufactured, transported, and recycled utilizing renewable energy Is physically designed to optimise stuffs and energy Meets market standards for public presentation and cost Maximizes the usage of renewable or recycled beginning stuffs Is good, safe and healthy for persons and communities throughout its life rhythm Is efficaciously recovered and utilized in biological and or industrial closed cringle rhythms Is made from stuffs healthy in all likely terminal of life scenarios Are manufactured utilizing clean production engineerings and best patterns. ( Sustainable Packaging Coalition, 2010 ) Figure 8. Diagram of boxing merchandise life rhythms The diagram above shows the procedure and stairss involved for packaging. It starts at the natural stuffs and goes to the terminal user. Each measure in this rhythm requires a signifier of energy but harmonizing to Boylston there are ways to cut this and cut down the sums used. Sustainability relies on tonss of different factors involved at each of these phases ; these factors need to be identified in order to turn to them with the right steps. For illustration if we look at stewardship, this is critical for assisting to safeguard the environment and protecting the employees that are pull outing the stuffs. The less distance the stuffs can go in the life rhythm the better, because this will intend it has taken less gasoline on transit. If we look at another facet of utilizing renewable energy at each phase this will add to do the packaging more sustainable. Reusability and recycling systems or compostability of packaging can to boot heighten sustainability. ( Boylston, 2009 ) Figure 9. Diagram of packaging ‘s upstream and downstream impacts. If we take a expression at the packaging merchandise life rhythm in a additive position we can to boot separate between upstream impacts from the extraction of the natural stuffs until the packaging is passed across to the consumer which is the downstream impacts, these are considered to be the impacts that occur through utilizing the packaging and the stairss taking to the terminal of its life. An illustration of this is the sums of energy required for the recycling procedure at the terminal of the packaging ‘s life. The different recycling methods used are composting, littering, and other possibilities are waste-to-energy workss which means energy can be produced once more from the waste merchandise. A life rhythm appraisal is normally used as a tool to analyze the life rhythm of packaging. The purpose of a life rhythm appraisal is to compare the full scope of societal and environmental amendss, which can be identified to merchandises or services, so least troublesome one, can be selected. There are tonss of different types of life rhythm appraisals know with different Scopess. The range varies from cradle to gate to cradle to cradle attacks and furthermore there are types such as the LCA procedure that addresses the environmental inputs and end products compared to other attacks that address the economic inputs and end products. Now that I have described the packaging life rhythm, we furthermore need to advert that companies such as 3M or Wal-Mart are presently developing their ain definition or usher lines that drive sustainable packaging within their supply concatenation. Wal-Mart claims, its primary mark is to be boxing impersonal by 2025, this means that all packaging recovered or recycled at their shops will be equal to the sum of packaging used by the merchandises in the shelves. Wal-Mart has introduced a set of steering rules called the â€Å" Seven R ‘s † to assist them accomplish their mark. These Principles are: Remove, Reduce, Reuse, Renew ( able ) , Recycle ( able ) , Revenue and Read. Relative to this Wal-Mart have introduced a packaging scorecard, this is a measurement tool that â€Å" allows providers to measure themselves comparative to other providers, based on specific prosodies. The prosodies in the scorecard evolved from a list of favourable properties announced earlier this twelvemonth, known as the â€Å" 7 R ‘s of Packaging † . ( Wal-Mart, Scorecardmodeling.com, 2009 ) 3M utilizations Boxing standards in coaction with the Environmental Protection Agency, this is much the same as Wal-Mart. 3M have set minimising packaging waste as there top purpose and they are have now realised that the most waste is coming from fresh natural stuffs, this is non merely bad for the environment but is non really economical. 3M began by trying to extinguish as much waste as possible through pollution bar, and so the staying waste was reused, recycled, converted to energy, or incinerated to make new energy. Regardless of the packaging life rhythm appraisal, there are related analytical methodological analysiss such as ecological footmark, which is calculated by comparing the biological resources available in a given part to resource demands of a population. The web of users of the Global Footprint Network has developed criterions. The criterions are available on footprintnetwork.org in order to assist to turn to computation niceties, including transitions, step of land/sea packages, turn toing atomic power, changing informations beginnings, import/export informations and biodiversity among others. ( Global Footprint Network, 2012 ) Another well-known footmark is the C footmark, which represents a subset of the ecological footmark and of the more comprehensive life rhythm appraisal.Laws and Regulations that consequence packaging?Regulations are at that place to give companies a mark or a way to head towards. There is directing 94/62/EC set by European Commission Environment that is †Å" aimed to harmonise packaging waste, on the one manus seeking to halt or forestall the harm of packaging to the environment and on the other manus they do n't desire to curtail or falsify the competition within the community. It besides contains commissariats on the bar of packaging waste, on the re-use of packaging and on the recovery and recycling of packaging waste. † ( European Parliament and Council Directive, 2010 ) These ordinances or directives have focused on waste decrease and resources but they have failed to look at the societal impacts of packaging. Boylston points out that we have a bigger job to get the better of before we more towards more sustainable packaging and that is with today ‘s companies turning in size there is an disposition towards specialising, this merely breaks up the different sections and isolates them. So the different section terminal up really incoherent with each other so they lose the connectivity between all the sectors. An illustration of this would be the packaging interior decorator working following to the in writing interior decorator, this is so they can pass on and work as a squad.MaterialsSustainable packaging relies upon the right stuff picks. I will be carry oning an probe to look at the measures of packaging waste along with the assortment of stuffs that end up as waste. In add-on to this I will spread out and make further research on paper and plastics. Looking at the solid waste study from 2010 from the European Environmental Agency it is clear to me that out of 250 million dozenss of waste 30 % is from containers and packagings and this is before recycling. The 2nd pie chart indicates that paper and plastics biggest supplies to waste. Figure 10 Figure 11 The recycling and composting of packaging prevented 85.1 million dozenss of stuff off from being disposed of 2010, up from 15 million dozenss in 1980. This prevented the release of about 186 million metric dozenss of C dioxide equivalent into the air this is the equivalent to taking 36 million autos off the route for a whole twelvemonth! ( European Environmental Agency, 2013 )PaperThe ingestion of paper on a planetary graduated table is more than 350 million dozenss per twelvemonth, that is a monolithic 1 million dozenss per twenty-four hours and if it takes approximately 17 trees to do one ton of paper. So its non unpredictable that the paper industry are accountable for approximately 40 % of commercial harvest home of wood, and now seeking to terrorise the last few rain forests which contain and provide a home ground for the endangered species. Jedlicka provinces, â€Å" The paper industry is the 4th largest nursery gas subscriber among makers and a immense consumer of energy. Fur thermore the paper production is associated with toxic bleaching processs. † ( Jedlicka, 2009 ) The benefits far outrun the bad points of paper. Paper is a really various stuff ; this is why it is used for packaging. The added benefits for utilizing paper as packaging is its lightweight and easy printed on and yet it can make all this and still be lasting and are easy recycled. There are more options for what paper can be made from it does n't hold to be wood it can be made of hemp, kenaf straw, exchange grass and it can be made from a assortment or pulped fibres from workss. As bloylston describes about the monolithic measures of paper that out at that place in the universe, all of which require a high degree of post-consumer waste ( PWC ) paper stock picks should imply the biggest precedence. Paper can be recycled up to seven times. ( Bolyston, 2009 ) One metric ton of recycled paper will salvage 17 trees, seven thousand gallons of H2O, three three-dimensional meters of landfill infinite, two barrels of oil and four thousand one hundred kW of electricity. The recycled paper uses 60 per centum less energy to bring forth so ordinary paper ; the energy saved would be plenty to run the mean place for six months. ( Statistics from Recycle bank.com, 2013 ) In order for there to be more paper packaging, the interior decorators have to back up this. The Environmental Protection Agency has made some recommendations which will assist to do packaging more sustainable, these recommendations are to utilize less material, extinguishing toxic components and doing it more readily reclaimable ( Environmental Protection Agency, 2013 )PlasticFictile packaging plays a immense function in today society, you can see this when walking about supermarkets and the egos are full of fictile containers. The word plastic is the common name given to the man-made organic polymers. As defined plastics are normally made from high polymer mass ‘ they can incorporate other stuffs to do it cheaper or to better its public presentation. There are two chief types of plastic, thermosetting and thermoplastics. Thermosetting plastics can merely be heated up and shaped one time ; because once they go cold they stay solid. Unlike Thermoplastics, which soften and melt when around plenty heat, these can be shaped multiple times when heat is applied. Jedlika says that plastics have many benefits such as it is lightweight, lasting, provides a gas and wet barrier and can sometimes retain its recycling value. ( Jedlika, 2009 ) The ground plastics are so popular is because it ‘s various and easy to fabricate with it is besides is unaffected by H2O. A down side to plastic is the additives used can do the plastic toxic and stuffs flow is for downcycling alternatively of true recycling. The recycling rate of plastic has stabilized at around 25 % , but this is n't an equal sum compared to the sum that is freshly produced. One ton of recycled plastic will salvage about five 1000s seven hundred and 70 four Kilowatt-hours of energy, six hundred and eighty five gallons of oil and about 30 lbs of air pollutants. ( Statistics from Recycling Bank, 2013 ) There is a new alternate to petrol-based plastics, which is more environmentally friendly plastic called bioplastics. These plastics are biodegradable and are created from renewable beginnings such as murphies or Beta vulgariss and maize. Boylston argues, â€Å" however, bioplastics besides need the installations for aggregation and must non deduce from needed nutrient beginnings † ( Boylston, 2009 ) There is a immense measure of stuffs that could be used for packaging. There is so much information about new packaging stuffs and the different engineerings available that there are dedicated web sites and forums full of up to day of the month information and ordinances. To wrap up this subdivision I have come to the decision that sustainable packaging is non merely about the stuffs its made from but you have to look at the bigger image merely as Jedlika states â€Å" If a interior decorator merely picks a random stuff out of his or her list of â€Å" charming green stuffs † and does n't really cognize why the stuff is environmentally friendly, or even how it is applied right, so the replaced stuff can do impacts far worse. † ( Jedlika, 2009 )Case surveies and Primary researchI have selected to make my instance surveies on these companies because they show how different sized sectors either contribute or counteract sustainable packaging. The purpose of this subdivision is non to compare to find a 100 % sustainable packaging but to look how their concern delivers profitable value, the environmental betterments and client satisfaction. First, Waitrose supermarkets are a nutrient retail merchant in England ; they have been portion of The John Lewis Partnership since 1937, the first Waitrose supermarket opened in 1955. Waitrose is one of England ‘s taking supermarket retail merchants using over 37,000 people. Waitrose has a sum of 280 subdivisions throughout England, Scotland and Wales. Locations range from high streets to the border of towns ; the shops vary in size excessively. The company is dedicated to offering quality, value and client service. In footings of packaging Waitrose has aimed to cut down nutrient packaging by 50 per centum by 2016/17, based on like for like use since 2005. ( John Lewis partnership.co.uk, 2012 ) Second, Innocent is a drinks company based in England and was founded in 1999. The companies chief concern is from doing fruit smoothies, a choice of fruit juices and vegetable pots, all of these merchandises are all sold in a broad scope of supermarkets and teashops nationally. Sing the company started at a music festival, they have grown well over the old ages and are now spread outing into the European market. They have set their marks high when seeking to be sustainable ; they have achieved this by inculcating sustainability into the packaging from the beginning. The company besides likes to move ethically in all countries of the company. ( Innocent drinks, 2012 ) Decision Within the statement of this thesis I have tried to bring forth an evenhanded discourse on the deductions of sustainable packaging with both positive and negative positions. The research has indicated that there is adequate grounds for sustainable packaging to be used in companies furthermore it will besides profit the environment and society. The research inquiry I set out to reply was is sustainable boxing feasible given the current economic and political clime.

Problems Young Writers May Face Essays

Problems Young Writers May Face Essays Problems Young Writers May Face Essay Problems Young Writers May Face Essay Some of many problems a young writer may face during the process of starting his or her essay starts right from the beginning. The beginning is one of the hardest parts of an essay for most people including myself; it has to have the main argument you will be talking about throughout the essay. Saying that, my essay today will be about â€Å"Problems Young Writers May Face† during the writing process of he or she’s essay. Getting started on an essay is often one of the first problems young writers run into. This is usually because we’ve gotten right into the writing without doing any pre-writing. What I’ve learned is you can save time by first identifying the purpose of your essay, then brainstorming points you might make to achieve your goal. Brainstorming works best if you dont rush your thoughts; write down every idea you think of even if you don’t think it will end up in your essay. Then you can take your thoughts you wrote down and find the most important points to address and start from there. Being the next most important thing you would start off with in the first paragraph would be your thesis statement.A thesis statement is a sentence, usually located at the end of the first or second paragraph that explains the essays main point. Without a clear thesis statement it can be more difficult to structure and organize your ideas. A good idea is to come up with your thesis statement before you begin writing the body of the essay, and then show it to teachers and fellow students for suggestions on how to make it more specific if needed. Continuing on to the body of the essay many young writers have the fear of failure because every student struggles with insecurities about their writing abilities. Either they just dont like to write or have had negative experiences in the past.They may be self-conscious about expressing themselves through writing thinking they are doing it wrong, all wrong. But, expressing your insecurities

Study Guide to Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem “Kubla Khan”

Study Guide to Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem â€Å"Kubla Khan† Samuel Taylor Coleridge said that he wrote â€Å"Kubla Khan† in the fall of 1797, but it was not published until he read it to George Gordon, Lord Byron in 1816, when Byron insisted that it go into print immediately. It is a powerful, legendary and mysterious poem, composed during an opium dream, admittedly a fragment. In the prefatory note published with the poem, Coleridge claimed he wrote several hundred lines during his reverie, but was not able to finish writing out the poem when he woke because his frenzied writing was interrupted: The following fragment is here published at the request of a poet of great and deserved celebrity [Lord Byron], and, as far as the Author’s own opinions are concerned, rather as a psychological curiosity, than on the ground of any supposed poetic merits.In the summer of the year 1797, the Author, then in ill health, had retired to a lonely farm-house between Porlock and Linton, on the Exmoor confines of Somerset and Devonshire. In consequence of a slight indisposition, an anodyne had been prescribed, from the effects of which he fell asleep in his chair at the moment that he was reading the following sentence, or words of the same substance, in Purchas’s Pilgrimage : â€Å"Here the Khan Kubla commanded a palace to be built, and a stately garden thereunto. And thus ten miles of fertile ground were inclosed with a wall.† The Author continued for about three hours in a profound sleep, at least of the external senses, during which time he has the most vivid confiden ce, that he could not have composed less than from two to three hundred lines; if that indeed can be called composition in which all the images rose up before him as things, with a parallel production of the correspondent expressions, without any sensation or consciousness of effort. On awakening he appeared to himself to have a distinct recollection of the whole, and taking his pen, ink, and paper, instantly and eagerly wrote down the lines that are here preserved. At this moment he was unfortunately called out by a person on business from Porlock, and detained by him above an hour, and on his return to his room, found, to his no small surprise and mortification, that though he still retained some vague and dim recollection of the general purport of the vision, yet, with the exception of some eight or ten scattered lines and images, all the rest had passed away like the images on the surface of a stream into which a stone has been cast, but, alas! without the after restoration of t he latter!Then all the charmIs brokenall that phantom-world so fairVanishes, and a thousand circlets spread,And each mis-shape the other. Stay awile,Poor youth! who scarcely dar’st lift up thine eyesThe stream will soon renew its smoothness, soonThe visions will return! And lo, he stays,And soon the fragments dim of lovely formsCome trembling back, unite, and now once moreThe pool becomes a mirror.Yet from the still surviving recollections in his mind, the Author has frequently purposed to finish for himself what had been originally, as it were, given to him: but the to-morrow is yet to come. â€Å"Kubla Khan† is famously incomplete, and thus cannot be said to be a strictly formal poem- yet its use of rhythm and the echoes of end-rhymes is masterful, and these poetic devices have a great deal to do with its powerful hold on the reader’s imagination. Its meter is a chanting series of iambs, sometimes tetrameter (four feet in a line, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM) and sometimes pentameter (five feet, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM). Line-ending rhymes are everywhere, not in a simple pattern, but interlocking in a way that builds to the poem’s climax (and makes it great fun to read out loud). The rhyme scheme may be summarized as follows: A B A A B C C D B D BE F E E F G G H H I I J J K A A K L LM N M N O OP Q R R Q B S B S T O T T T O U U O (Each line in this scheme represents one stanza. Please note that I have not followed the usual custom of beginning each new stanza with â€Å"A† for the rhyme-sound, because I want to make visible how Coleridge circled around to use earlier rhymes in some of the later stanzas for instance, the â€Å"A†s in the second stanza, and the â€Å"B†s in the fourth stanza.) â€Å"Kubla Khan† is a poem clearly meant to be spoken. So many early readers and critics found it literally incomprehensible that it became a commonly accepted idea that this poem is â€Å"composed of sound rather than sense.† Its sound is beautiful- as will be evident to anyone who reads it aloud. The poem is certainly not devoid of meaning, however. It begins as a dream stimulated by Coleridge’s reading of Samuel Purchas’ 17th century travel book, Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered, from the Creation unto the Present (London, 1617). The first stanza describes the summer palace built by Kublai Khan, the grandson of the Mongol warrior Genghis Khan and founder of the Yuan dynasty of Chinese emperors in the 13th century, at Xanadu (or Shangdu): In Xanadu did Kubla KhanA stately pleasure-dome decree Xanadu, north of Beijing in inner Mongolia, was visited by Marco Polo in 1275 and after his account of his travels to the court of Kubla Khan, the word â€Å"Xanadu† became synonymous with foreign opulence and splendor. Compounding the mythical quality of the place Coleridge is describing, the poem’s next lines name Xanadu as the place Where Alph, the sacred river, ranThrough caverns measureless to man This is likely a reference to the description of the River Alpheus in Description of Greece by the 2nd century geographer Pausanias (Thomas Taylor’s 1794 translation was in Coleridge’s library). According to Pausanias, the river rises up to the surface, then descends into the earth again and comes up elsewhere in fountains- clearly the source of the images in the second stanza of the poem: And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,A mighty fountain momently was forced:Amid whose swift half-intermitted burstHuge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher’s flail:And ’mid these dancing rocks at once and everIt flung up momently the sacred river. But where the lines of the first stanza are measured and tranquil (in both sound and sense), this second stanza is agitated and extreme, like the movement of the rocks and the sacred river, marked with the urgency of exclamation points both at the beginning of the stanza and at its end: And ’mid this tumult Kubla heard from farAncestral voices prophesying war! The fantastical description becomes even more so in the third stanza: It was a miracle of rare device,A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice! And then the fourth stanza makes a sudden turn, introducing the narrator’s â€Å"I† and turning from the description of the palace at Xanadu to something else the narrator has seen: A damsel with a dulcimerIn a vision once I saw:It was an Abyssinian maid,And on her dulcimer she played,Singing of Mount Abora. Some critics have suggested that Mount Abora is Coleridge’s name for Mount Amara, the mountain described by John Milton in Paradise Lost at the source of the Nile in Ethiopia (Abyssinia) an African paradise of nature here set next to Kubla Khan’s created paradise at Xanadu. To this point â€Å"Kubla Khan† is all magnificent description and allusion, but as soon the poet actually manifests himself in the poem in the word â€Å"I† in the last stanza, he quickly turns from describing the objects in his vision to describing his own poetic endeavor: Could I revive within meHer symphony and song,To such a deep delight ’twould win me,That with music loud and long,I would build that dome in air,That sunny dome! those caves of ice! This must be the place where Coleridge’s writing was interrupted; when he returned to write these lines, the poem turned out to be about itself, about the impossibility of embodying his fantastical vision. The poem becomes the pleasure-dome, the poet is identified with Kubla Khan- both are creators of Xanadu, and Coleridge is apeaking of both poet and khan in the poem’s last lines: And all should cry, Beware! Beware!His flashing eyes, his floating hair!Weave a circle round him thrice,And close your eyes with holy dread,For he on honey-dew hath fed,And drunk the milk of Paradise. The PoemNotes on ContextNotes on FormNotes on ContentCommentary and Quotations â€Å"...what he calls a vision, Kubla Khanwhich said vision he repeats so enchantingly that it irradiates and brings heaven and Elysian bowers into my parlour.†from an 1816 letter to William Wordsworth, in The Letters of Charles Lamb (Macmillan, 1888) Samuel Taylor Coleridge writing this poem â€Å"The first dream added a palace to reality; the second, which occurred five centuries later, a poem (or the beginning of a poem) suggested by the palace. The similarity of the dreams hints of a plan.... In 1691 Father Gerbillon of the Society of Jesus confirmed that ruins were all that was left of the palace of Kubla Khan; we know that scarcely fifty lines of the poem were salvaged. These facts give rise to the conjecture that this series of dreams and labors has not yet ended. The first dreamer was given the vision of the palace, and he built it; the second, who did not know of the other’s dream, was given the poem about the palace. If the plan does not fail, some reader of ‘Kubla Khan’ will dream, on a night centuries removed from us, of marble or of music. This man will not know that two others also dreamed. Perhaps the series of dreams has no end, or perhaps the last one who dreams will have the key....†from â€Å"The Dream of Coleridge† in Other Inquisitions, 1937-1952 by Jorge Luis Borges, translated by Ruth Simms (University of Texas Press, 1964, reprint forthcoming November 2007)

Answer the questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Answer the questions - Assignment Example The rationale behind this is to make the individual recruit feel as if they are part of a larger group and that this trial by hardship builds a greater sense of group identity. If on the other hand only a handful of individuals were required to strip, shave their heads, and delouse, an identification of the fact that only a select handful of individuals should be treated this way and should retain a certain identity is tacitly created. The reason for this is due to the fact that the individuals who were asked to perform them became frustrated with the increasing levels of humiliation that were used; i.e. the guards placing their feet on the backs of the prisoners or requiring other prisoners to place their own feet on the back of other prisoners who were tasked with doing the pushups. I would have rejected such privileges due to the fact that the entire purpose of the privilege was to win over a subset of the prisoners to the viewpoint of the guards as a way to â€Å"divide and conquer† 5. Most prisoners believed that the subjects selected to be guards were chosen because they were bigger than those who were made prisoners, but actually, there was no difference in the average height of the two groups. What do you think caused this misperception?   The misconception was caused with regards to who actually had the aura of dominance and authority. The dress code and the manner by which the guards interacted with the prisoners made them appear as if they were bigger and more authoritative than they were in actuality. The behavior was highly typical as our own society has built a type of wall that separates the â€Å"good guys†, individuals in authoritative positions of law enforcement, from those that are not. As such, it comes as little surprise that the visitors showed such trust and level of deference with regards to the guards on duty. 7. In an exploratory study such as this, one problem is

How far did the 'Bush Doctrine' constitute a radical shift in US Essay

How far did the 'Bush Doctrine' constitute a radical shift in US foreign policy - Essay Example A historical study is being attempted in this essay to bring out all the elements connected with American foreign policy and its relationship to other countries. Further, various elements of the foreign policy is analyzed here. It is seen that after the Second World War, the Cold War between USA and USSR contributed much to the formation of foreign policies in America. The two pillars of American policy at that time were deterrence and containment. After the fall of USSR in 1991, America became supreme power in the world. As a powerful nation it had to take clear cut foreign policies and the implementation of national security against the uprisings of different segments. But things changed soon. After 2000 America witnessed many damages on its national security. The attack on the Twin Towers and Pentagon on September 11, 2001 made America to think more about changing its foreign policy. The president of the time, George W. Bush expressed the need for the change of policy through his set of guidelines, commonly known as ‘Bush’s doctrine. His doctrine changed the foreign policy of America from deterrence and containment to pre-emptive action against the terrorists. The present essay tries to find out how the Bush’s doctrine acted as a great shift in the foreign policy of America. ... ‘America now commanded a degree of power greater than anything recorded in all of human history. No one doubted this; nor did anyone imagine that any other country or group of countries currently existed with the capacity, or the will, to challenge American power.’1 President Bush: His life, visions and Interests George W. Bush is the only President with an MBA in the history of America. He was born on July 6, 1946, in a political as well as business family in New Haven, Connecticut. Heron Marquez in the biography of George W. Bush says, that ‘His grandfather was Prescott Bush, a United states Senator from Connecticut. Other relatives were bankers and Wall Street stockbrokers.’2 His father was George Herbert Walker Bush, America’s 41st President. The background of politics has made him successful at politics along with business. In 1994 he made his entry into politics becoming the governor of Texas. The election for the president in 2000 made many str uggles for him. He was not supposed to be the president by the popular vote, but with the help of court he successfully became the 43rd president of America. In the election campaign Bush stressed the America’s foreign policy on maintaining peace. ‘He summarized his plans by saying, â€Å"I will renew the bond of trust between the American president and the American military. I will defend the American people against missiles and terror. I will begin creating the military of the next country.†3 The speeches of Bush during the campaign were mainly on the matters of American economy, education, and personal aspects. Even though much was not mentioned regarding the foreign policy he had clearly

Childcare studies (Working with Children) Assignment

Childcare studies (Working with Children) - Assignment Example The international desire to improve the quality of childcare and pre-school provisions has contributed a great deal in ensuring that children receive high quality education and childcare as they start their journey of life in educational set-ups (Shaw & Brewer 2012, pg 60). This paper will delve into details of the several provisions needed for childcare, the various types of environments and establishments relating to child development, the skills required as well as the training needed for the numerous childcare roles and working environments. There are various types of childcare and educational provisions. These provisions fall under both formal and informal sectors. These provisions include nursery education, playgroups, child-minders, crà ¨ches, pre-school, care homes, just to mention but a few. Nursery education is aimed at giving additional physical, social, emotional and cognitive support to children when they are outside the home. Nurseries are normally attended by children aged between two and five. These facilities are normally offered free of charge by Local Education Authorities (Dates 2004, pg. 54). However, if offered by private institutions or organizations then are subject to fees. Nursery schools are normally staffed by teachers who are trained. They are normally assisted by nursery nurses as well as other support staff comprising of volunteers, nursery and teaching assistants (Dallimore 2004, pg. 98). Pre-school is another provision offered to children. These facilities are usually attached to primary schools and are meant for children of ages four. Pre-schools are normally staffed by highly trained teachers and support staff. They are charged with the responsibility of preparing children for school (Laming 2003, pg. 43). It is important for children to attend pre-school before joining primary school since it gives them an insight of what to

Physiology Of Sleep

Physiology Of Sleep Physiology Of Sleep Introduction Sleep is a state of reversible unconsciousness in which the brain is low responsive to external stimuli. We are functionally blind during sleep with no response to visual stimuli and a decreased threshold of response to auditory stimuli. Babies have been exposed to sound of up to 100 dB, which is above the legal limit for ear protection for employees, without waking up. In adults, the action is selective demonstrating continuing cortical function. For example, a sleeping mother is woken by her crying baby but not by other louder noises. Definition of sleep and sleeping Phases with specific EEG patterns and physiological changes. Natural sleep is separated into two distinctive states: non rapid eye movement (N.R.E.M) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep is then further seperated into 4 stages where stage 1 is the lightest and stage 4 the deepest level of sleep. REM sleep is divided into phasic and tonic phases. The two distinctive states follow a regular pattern called a sleep cycle which, in an adult, lasts about 1 and half hours and comprises a period of N.R.E.M sleep followed by REM sleep. The cycles may be separated by a period of wakefulness and are repeated 3–6 times each night and are typically displayed as an hypnogram (Fig. 1). The majority of deep (stage 4) NREM sleep occurs in the first and second cycles. As the night progresses, the proportion of REM sleep in a cycle increases and the NREM element is of lighter stage 2 sleep. Age has a major effect on the duration of sleep and the ratio of NREM/REM sleep. Neonates sleep 16–18 h. It is widely distributed throughout the day with REM sleep accounting for 50% of total sleep time (TST). This may be even greater in premature babies. By the age of 24 months, children should sleep 10 h per day, mainly at night with one or two naps during the daytime and REM sleep has declined to 20–25% of TST. Adults normally sleep 6–8 h per day with 15–20% REM sleep. With increasing age, TST changes little although sleep is more fragmented with more frequent and longer awakenings (decreased sleep efficiency) with less REM sleep and more light NREM sleep. Night-time sleep may be decreased if naps are taken during the day. Functions of sleep The functions of sleep are still poorly understood. However, the observation that sleep (or, at  least, an activity–inactivity cycle) is present in all species and has been preserved throughout evolution and that sleep deprivation leads to a drastic deterioration in cognitive  function and eventually to mental and physical morbidity proves its importance. It has been suggested that sleep might conserve energy by reducing core temperature slightly and lowering metabolic rate by 10% compared with quiet wakefulness. Sleep would prevent perpetual activity as a response to environmental stimuli leading to excessive energy consumption. However, sleep is a state of starvation and there is no evidence that sleep is important for tissue repair. Sleep has been implicated as an important factor in storage of long-term memory. Facts learned during the day are usually better remembered the next morning whereas facts learned shortly before going to sleep are often poorly recalled. Electrophysiological features of sleep The stages of sleep are characterised by typical patterns of electroencephalogram (EEG), electro-myogram (EMG) and electro oculogram (EOG) activity Wakefulness with open eyes is characterised by an EEG with dominant low amplitude, high frequency beta activity of  16–25 Hz. Muscle tone is normally high with high to moderate EMG activity. Stage 1 Sleep is usually initiated by a transition from wakefulness to a state of drowsiness with closed eyes and a shift from EEG beta activity to alpha activity of 8–12 Hz passing to Stage 1  NREM sleep with a mixed frequency EEG-pattern with low amplitude theta waves of 3–7 Hz accompanied by slow rolling eye movements. Involuntary muscle clonus occurs frequently,  resulting in jerky movement of the whole body (hypnic jerks) and EMG activity is moderate-to-low. This stage lasts typically only 5–10 min, during which time minor auditory stimuli will cause arousal. Stage 2 Stage 2 is characterised by short bursts of high frequency activity (12–15 Hz – sleep spindles) and K-complexes (large amplitude biphasic waves). Bodily movements continue and  the EMG activity is low-to-moderate. This stage is generally short (10–20 min) in the first 1–2 cycles but predominates in later cycles. It is the most abundant sleep stage in adults  accounting for up to 50% of TST. Stages 3 and 4 Deep NREM sleep stages 3 and 4, sometimes combined as slow wave sleep (SWS) are characterized by high amplitude low frequency delta waves (> 75 µV and 0.5–2 Hz) with stage  3 having between 20–50% and stage 4 more than 50% delta activity. EMG activity is low and eye movements are rare. Arousal through auditory stimuli from this stage of sleep is  difficult and, if awakened, the individual is often disorientated and slow to react. Return to sleep is easy and short arousals (< 30 sec) are rarely remembered. REM sleep NREM sleep is followed by REM sleep, the proportion increasing with each cycle. REM sleep is characterised by a fast mixed frequency low voltage EEG with saw-tooth waves and  rapid eye movements on the EOG. During the tonic phases of REM sleep, there is marked reduction of muscle tone and EMGactivity in skeletal muscles. The tonic phases of REM sleep are interrupted by short episodes of phasic REM sleep with increased EMG activity and limb twitches. The atonia of REM sleep affects all skeletal muscles, except the diaphragm and the upper airway muscles, and is associated with hyperpolarisation of the ÃŽ ±-motor neurones. The purpose of this may be to prevent the acting out of dreams. About 10% of the population have experienced sleep paralysis (i.e. wakening from sleep and finding that the atonia has  persisted into wakefulness). It can be frightening but is entirely harmless. Natural wakening usually occurs from REM sleep. Subjects woken from REM sleep are much more likely to rec all dream content than those awakened from NREM sleep. NREM dreams are generally vague and formless in contrast to REM dreams. Physiological changes during sleep Respiratory system During NREM sleep, there is a decrease in respiratory drive and a reduction in the muscle tone of the upper airway leading to a 25% decrease in minute volume and alveolar ventilation and a doubling of airway resistance accompanied by a small (0.5 kPa) increase in  PaCO2 and decrease in PaO2. Hypercarbic and hypoxic ventilator drives are reduced compared with wakefulness. The breathing pattern is regular except at the transition from wakefulness into sleep when brief central apnoeas are common. During REM sleep there is a further decrease in hypercarbic and, particularly, hypoxic ventilatory drives. The breathing pattern is irregular especially during phasic REM sleep. The loss of skeletal muscle tone in REM sleep affects the intercostal and other muscles which stabilise the chest wall during inspiration. In infants, this may be seen as paradoxical movement of the rib cage and abdomen. In adults, there may be maldistribution of ventilation and impaired ventilation–perfusion matching with consequent arterial hypoxaemia. In normal subjects, this is unimportant but it may be very important in patients with chronic lung disease or abnormalities of the thoracic (e.g. kyphoscoliosis). The great majority of patients with impaired respiratory function will be at their worst during REM sleep. Cardiovascular system Blood pressure decreases during NREM and tonic REM sleep but may increase above waking values during phasic REM sleep. Cardiac output is generally decreased during all sleep  phases. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and the heart rate are both reduced during NREM and tonic REM sleep and increased during phasic REM sleep. Central nervous system Cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases by 50–100% above the level of resting wakefulness during tonic REM sleep and is even greater during phasic REM sleep. Cerebral metabolic rate, oxygen consumption and neuronal discharge rate are reduced during NREM sleep but increased above resting values during REM sleep. The autonomic nervous system shows a general decrease in sympathetic tone and an increase in parasympathetic tone,  except in phasic REM sleep. Renal system The glomerular filtration speed and filtration fraction are reduced and ADH secretion is increased resulting in a less volume concentrated urine. Endocrine system The secretion of several hormones is directly linked to the sleep/wake cycle. Melatonin is released from the pineal gland under the control of the supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in a 4–5h pulse, usually beginning at the onset of darkness (~9 pm). The pulse is inhibited or delayed by exposure to bright light in the evening. It is best regarded as being permissive of sleep (‘opening the gate to sleep’) rather than as an hypnotic, as it is possible to maintain wakefulness during this period. Growth hormone is mostly secreted during the first episode of SWS, particularly  during puberty. Prolactin concentrations also increase shortly after sleep onset and decrease with wakefulness. Sleep phase delay delays secretion of both of these hormones. The secretion of cortisol decreases with the onset of sleep and reaches a trough in the early hours of the morning and a peak just after waking. Temperature control In contrast to anaesthesia, thermoregulation is maintained during sleep. However, the shivering threshold is decreased and body core temperature decreases by about 0.5 °C in humans and 2 °C  in hibernating mammals. Body temperature is linked to the circadian rhythm and reaches its nadir at about 3 am. Thermoregulation is quite good in human infants compared with  other species. Control of sleep Sleep follows a circadian (~1 day) cycle, the periodicity of which is regulated by an independent genetically determined ‘intrinsic clock’ which is entrained to a 24 h cycle by external cues (Zeitgebers) such as light, darkness, clock time, working patterns and meal times. When a human being is deprived of all external time clues and is exposed to constant levels of illumination (‘free running’), the wake/sleep cycle typically lengthens to about 24.5 h. Subjects who are born blind without any appreciation of light generally free run while those blinded in later lifeor who retain some perception of light remain entrained. All living organisms, including plants and fungi, have been found to have clock genes and to show an inactivity/activity cycle. In mammals, control of the intrinsic clock is located in the SCN on either side of the third ventricle, just above the optical chiasm. In animal experiments, its destruction leads to a change from the normal sleep cycle into several shorter sleep/activity periods during the day. As noted above, melatonin secretion is  prompted by the SCN just before the usual time of sleep onset. A mismatch of this pattern with sleeping time, as occurs in shift workers and after trans-meridian flights, leads to sleep disturbance (‘jet lag’) as the subject is trying to sleep during their circadian day. Light therapy can be helpful in re-setting the circadian clock and the interested reader is referred to the bibliography. The propensity to fall asleep varies throughout the day and depends upon both circadian factors (process C) and time since the last sleep period (process S). The longer the time since the  last sleep period, the greater will be process S. However, its propensity will be modulated by process C. The circadian pressure to sleep is greatest at ~2 am with a secondary peak at ~2 pm. It is least at ~6 am and ~6 pm. If a subject elects to stay awake throughout the night, they will feel most sleepy in the small hours of the morning but will get a ‘second wind’ as morning approaches and the circadian pressure to sleep declines. If wakefulness is maintained, a second period of sleepiness and relative alertness will follow in early afternoon and early evening, respectively. Some of the 8-h sleep debt will be recovered that night but process C will ensure that awakening will occur at or shortly after the normal waking time. Sleep is normally an actively initiated and not a passive process. Unless a subject is sleep deprived, successful initiation of sleep depends both upon the phase of the circadian clock and  external factors (recumbent position, darkness, reducing sensory input). Over the years, considerable effort has been focused on a search for: (i) a ‘sleep centre’, a nucleus or region in the brain where stimulation or ablation would lead to sleep; and (ii) a hormone or transmitter which would reliably induce sleep. Neither have been found because the mechanisms resulting in sleep are complex and diffuse. During wakefulness, the CNS is dominated by activity of the ascending reticular activating system (RAS) in the brain stem. This formation receives sensory input from all peripheral sensors and projects to the thalamus and the cortex. Its main neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine and histamine which explains the sedative effect of antagonists to these  substances. A decrease in its activity permits sleep to be initiated by suppressing incoming external stimuli. The induction of SWS is associated with the secretion of ÃŽ ³-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from basal forebrain neurones. Therefore, it is not surprising that benzodiazepines and barbiturates, which act through stimulation of GABA receptors in the CNS, induce sleep or anaesthesia. Cholinergic mechanisms initiate REM sleep through stimulation of pontine neurones in the  lateral portion of the pontine tegmentum and the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. In animal experiments, injection of carbachol (acetylcholine agonist) induces instantaneous REM sleep. Recently, orexins (hypocretin) have been isolated in the hypothalamus and appear to be important in the control of REM sleep and appetite. CSF concentrations of orexins have been found to be very low in patients with narcolepsy. Influence of surgery and anaesthesia on sleep Anaesthesia and surgery can have a profound effect upon sleep. On the first night after surgery, sleep architecture is severely disrupted with little or no SWS and REM sleep. The  light Stage 2 sleep is fragmented with frequent awakenings. The degree of disruption appears to be related to the severity of the surgical insult. The mechanism is unclear but it is probably due to a combination of the surgical stress and the effects of opioid analgesics. Recovery of lost SWS and REM sleep occurs on postoperative nights 2–5, being later after major surgery. This coincides with the nadir of postoperative pulmonary function and several  studies have demonstrated marked hypoxaemia associated with the rebound of REM sleep. It was a logical step to attribute postoperative myocardial ischaemia, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and cerebral disorder (delirium and cognitive impairment) to nocturnal hypoxaemia. However, a number of studies have failed to confirm these presumed associations,  although this does not exclude the possibility that the hypoxaemia may be important in some individuals. Key references Ambrosini MV, Giuditta B. Learning and sleep: the sequential hypothesis. Sleep Med Rev2001;5: 477–90 Dijk DJ, Lockley SW. Functional genomics of sleep and circadian rhythm: integration of human sleep-wake regulation and circadian rhythmicity.J Appl Physiol 2002;92: 852–62 Douglas N.Clinician’s Guide to Sleep Medicine. Edinburgh:Arnold, 2002   Ebrahim IO et al. The hypocretin/orexin system. J R Soc Med 2002;95: 227–30 Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. (eds) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: 2000. Nicolau MC et al.Why we sleep: the evolutionary pathway to the mammalian sleep pattern.Prog Neurobiol2000;62: 379–406 Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE.The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness.Trends Neurosci2001;24: 726–31 Shneerson JM.Handbook of Sleep Medicine. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000 Williams JM, Hanning CD. Obstructive sleep apnoea,BJA CEPD Rev2003; 3: 75–78

Blindness and Sight - Lack of Vision in Oedipus The King Essay

Blindness in Oedipus The King (Rex) What is sight? Is it just the ability to recognize one’s surroundings or is there more? Is it knowledge? Is it understanding? Can a blind man see? Can the sighted be blind? And beyond, when the truth is too terrible, do we choose not to see? The phrase "too see" has so very many connotations. One meaning is to know or to understand and the other is based on the physical aspects of things. As humans, we are distracted by the physical world, which causes us to be blinded by the most obvious of truths. Oedipus, the main character in Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex, could not see the truth, but the blind man, Teiresias, "saw" it plainly. Sophocles’ uses blindness as a motif in the play Oedipus Rex. Oedipus, known for his intelligence, is ignorant and therefore blind, to the truth about himself and his past. Yet, when Teiresias exposes the truth he is shunned. It is left to Oedipus to overcome his "blindness," rea... ...s the sight of Oedipus , it is by his own will. The blind man seer, Teiresias, could always "see" because he did not fear the truth, nor did he have reason to. Oedipus blind to the truth, brought darkness on his eyes when the truth is found. How ironic it seems, yet still the question lies unanswered, did Oedipus fear the horrible truth so much that he chose not to see it? Or was he really so oblivious, that the truth was revealed to him near the plays end for the first time? Blindness and Sight - Lack of Vision in Oedipus The King Essay Blindness in Oedipus The King (Rex) What is sight? Is it just the ability to recognize one’s surroundings or is there more? Is it knowledge? Is it understanding? Can a blind man see? Can the sighted be blind? And beyond, when the truth is too terrible, do we choose not to see? The phrase "too see" has so very many connotations. One meaning is to know or to understand and the other is based on the physical aspects of things. As humans, we are distracted by the physical world, which causes us to be blinded by the most obvious of truths. Oedipus, the main character in Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex, could not see the truth, but the blind man, Teiresias, "saw" it plainly. Sophocles’ uses blindness as a motif in the play Oedipus Rex. Oedipus, known for his intelligence, is ignorant and therefore blind, to the truth about himself and his past. Yet, when Teiresias exposes the truth he is shunned. It is left to Oedipus to overcome his "blindness," rea... ...s the sight of Oedipus , it is by his own will. The blind man seer, Teiresias, could always "see" because he did not fear the truth, nor did he have reason to. Oedipus blind to the truth, brought darkness on his eyes when the truth is found. How ironic it seems, yet still the question lies unanswered, did Oedipus fear the horrible truth so much that he chose not to see it? Or was he really so oblivious, that the truth was revealed to him near the plays end for the first time?